310S Sheet After Repeated Thermal Cycling: What Distortion Can Reveal

Distortion in 310S sheet after repeated heating and cooling is a diagnostic signal, not just a flatness problem. The shape of the warp points to the cause: bowing suggests uneven heating, local waves suggest blocked expansion, and cracks, flaking scale or brittleness at room temperature suggest thermal fatigue or sigma-phase embrittlement.

310S Sheet After Repeated Thermal Cycling

310S resists oxidation to roughly 1,040–1,150 °C (sources differ), but it expands about 30–50% more than carbon steel and conducts heat at roughly one-third the rate, so it warps easily. In one 2025 laboratory study on 310S wire, 100 fast cycles from 900 °C nearly doubled hardness and cut bending-fatigue life by about 30%. Before deciding to re-flatten, re-anneal or replace a distorted sheet, check its shape, hardness and a room-temperature bend coupon.

When a 310S sheet comes out of a furnace, burner enclosure or heat-treatment fixture warped, most people see a flatness defect. A better way to see it is as a record. The shape of the warp, the pattern of cracks and the way the metal behaves when bent all show how the sheet was heated, how it was held and what has happened inside the metal. This article explains how to read that record, using producer data sheets and a 2025 peer-reviewed study.

Key Takeaways

Cause: 310S combines high thermal expansion with low thermal conductivity, so heat stays uneven and expansion is rarely free [8][9][13].
Reading the warp: bows, waves, growing waviness, cracks and brittleness each point to a different cause (Table 2).
Rating trap: the 1,040–1,150 °C figures are oxidation limits; strength at 871 °C is only about 35% of room-temperature yield [2][6].
Grade trap: moving from 309S to 310S raises the oxidation limit but does not reduce expansion [2][3].
Decision rule: replace sheet that is cracked, flaking or brittle at room temperature; flatten or re-anneal only after a bend coupon and hardness check.

Because 310S expands a lot and conducts heat poorly, so the sheet heats unevenly, is rarely free to grow, and the resulting internal stress pushes it out of shape.

Every metal expands when heated. Austenitic stainless steels, including 310S, expand about 30–50% more than carbon steel depending on the source, and they carry heat away at only about one-third of carbon steel's rate [8][9][13]. Together, these two properties are the standard explanation for why 300-series stainless distorts more than carbon steel during welding [8][12]. The same physics applies when a finished sheet is cycled in service.

Think of a frying pan with a thin base. The spot over the flame gets hot and wants to grow, but the cooler metal around it does not, so the hot patch is squeezed and the pan bows. Low conductivity makes the hot patch hotter and the temperature step sharper, and high expansion makes that patch want to grow more. Thin sheet is the worst case because it has little stiffness to resist bending, and thin sections are known to warp more readily [9].

Table 1. Why 310S is prone to distortion

Property	Carbon steel	Austenitic stainless (310S values)	Why it matters for sheet
Thermal expansion (mean)	≈12 µm/m·°C	≈17 µm/m·°C. 310S: 15.9 (20–100 °C), 17.1 (20–500 °C), 18.9 (20–1000 °C)	More growth for the same temperature rise [7][8]
Thermal conductivity	100% (reference)	≈30% of carbon steel. 310S: ≈13 W/m·K at 20 °C and ≈24 W/m·K at 540 °C	Heat stays where it lands, so gradients are steep [2][8][13]
Elastic modulus	Not compared here	310S: 200 GPa at 20 °C, ≈159 GPa at 540 °C	Still stiff enough to build large forces when growth is blocked [2]

Sources: [2] Rolled Alloys Bulletin 114US; [7] Goodfellow; [8] ASSDA; [13] IMOA. Conductivity and modulus unit conversions by EETA.

Worked example. A 1 m length of free 310S sheet heated from 20 °C to 500 °C grows about 8.2 mm (17.1 µm/m·K × 480 K). The same rise in carbon steel (≈12 µm/m·K) gives about 5.8 mm, so 310S grows roughly 40% more. Heated to 900 °C, free 310S grows about 16–17 mm per metre.

If the same sheet is held rigidly at both ends, the elastic stress that would build up is about 158 GPa × 17.1 × 10⁻⁶ × 480 ≈ 1,300 MPa. That is around nine times the 143 MPa yield strength Rolled Alloys reports at 538 °C [2]. The metal cannot carry that stress, so it yields or buckles. This is an order-of-magnitude illustration, not a design calculation.

Each pattern points to a different cause: bowing suggests uneven heating, local waves and buckles suggest blocked expansion, cracks and flaking suggest thermal fatigue and scale spalling, and brittleness at room temperature suggests sigma phase.

Table 2. Reading distortion in cycled 310S sheet

What you see	Most likely cause	How to confirm	Typical response
Smooth bow or dish, curving toward the hotter face	Temperature difference through the thickness or across the sheet from one-sided heating and low conductivity [8][9]	Compare thermocouple readings on both faces; check burner or element position and one-sided insulation	Balance heating; add stiffening; support along the length
Local waves, "oil-canning" or buckles between fixings	Expansion blocked by clamps, welds or frames, so compressive stress exceeds what thin sheet can carry (Section 1)	Check whether the sheet can slide at every fixing; look for rub marks, bright wear spots, elongated holes	Slotted holes, floating supports, expansion gaps
Waviness that worsens with each cycle	Repeated compressive yielding; 310S yield falls to about 20 ksi (143 MPa) by 538 °C [2]	Measure flatness at fixed intervals (for example every 5–10 cycles) and plot the trend	Lower peak temperature or heating rate; thicker gauge; ribs or corrugations
Warp together with surface cracks, flaking or lifting scale	Thermal fatigue plus scale spalling; thermal cycling is a known driver of spalling [1][4]	Visual check; thickness survey for metal loss; metallographic section, because early cracks can be only micrometres deep [1]	Replace; do not re-flatten cracked sheet
Sheet looks sound but cracks when straightened or bent at room temperature	Sigma-phase or carbide embrittlement after long dwell in the ~600–900 °C band (Section 5) [4][6]	Bend a coupon cut from a sacrificial edge; hardness survey; metallography	Solution anneal per producer guidance, or replace
Heavy discoloured scale, thinning, rapid weight gain	Temperature above the oxidation limit, or an aggressive atmosphere such as sulfur, carburizing gas or alkali salts [2][5]	Review peak metal-temperature logs and furnace atmosphere; measure remaining thickness	Lower temperature, tighten atmosphere control, or change alloy

Sources: mechanisms from [1], [2], [4], [5], [6], [8], [9]. Pattern-to-cause mapping is EETA engineering interpretation.

In a 2025 peer-reviewed study, 100 fast cycles between 900 °C and room temperature made 310S roughly twice as hard, left surface cracks, and cut bending-fatigue life by about 30%, without changing its austenitic crystal structure.

What Does Published Testing Show About 310S After Repeated Thermal Cycling

Researchers at National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan heated 2 mm cold-drawn 310S wire to 900 °C, held it for one minute, air-cooled it to room temperature for one minute, and repeated this 100 times [1]. They then compared the cycled wire (called C100) with untreated wire.

Table 3. 310S wire before and after 100 thermal cycles (900 °C ⇄ room temperature)

Measurement	As received	After 100 cycles	Change
Vickers hardness (HV)	177	343	+94%
Average grain size	26.2 µm	20.6 µm	−21%
Bending-fatigue life (cycles to failure, displacement-controlled bend test)	39	27	−31%
Crystal structure (XRD)	Austenite	Austenite; no phase change	Unchanged
Surface condition	Oxide layer, no cracks	Oxide film ≈1.3–1.9 µm thick; cracks ≈5 µm deep	Cracks formed
Crack depth after a further 32% tensile strain	Not applicable	About 4–5 times deeper than before straining	Cracks grew

Source: [1] Huang, Yen and Hung, Materials 2025, 18(11), 2654. Percentage changes calculated by EETA from the published values.

What changed inside the metal

X-ray diffraction showed the metal stayed fully austenitic, so the hardening was not caused by a new phase. The authors attribute it to repeated expansion and contraction creating crystal defects called dislocations, which triggered partial recrystallization and finer grains [1]. The same cycling produced a thin oxide film with cracks running beneath it, and silicon built up near the surface where the cracks formed [1]. When the cycled wire was later stretched, those cracks grew across grains rather than along their boundaries, the pattern expected in brittle failure [1].

Two kinds of distortion

The word distortion has two meanings here. On a sheet it means visible shape change. In the study it also means "lattice distortion", a disorder in the crystal arrangement. Both come from the same driver: expansion and contraction repeated faster than the metal can relax. A warped sheet is the large-scale symptom, while hardness gain and cracks are the small-scale symptoms [1].

Read the evidence carefully. This study used 2 mm cold-drawn wire, not sheet. Cold drawing stores strain energy that annealed sheet does not, so the size of the hardening effect in sheet may differ (EETA note). The hold time was only one minute, and the elements stayed evenly distributed, so no sigma phase formed [1]. The air cooling and 100-cycle count are specific to the test, and the bending lives of 39 and 27 cycles come from a deliberately severe test, so they show relative loss rather than service life. The work was funded by a stainless-steel producer; the authors state the funder did not influence the study [1]. Treat it as strong evidence of the mechanism, not as a life prediction for sheet.

No. The ratings are oxidation limits, not stiffness limits, and at those temperatures 310S is weak enough to yield and creep under modest stress.

Producers rate 310 by how well its protective chromium-oxide scale holds up, not by how stiff the metal stays. Rolled Alloys rates 310 for oxidation resistance to 2,000 °F (1,093 °C) under mildly cyclic conditions, and its engineers report that the oxidation rate climbs steeply by about 2,100 °F [2][5]. Atlas Steels gives 1,040 °C for intermittent service and 1,150 °C for continuous service [6]. The figures differ because sources define "cyclic" differently, so design to the lower value and keep a margin.

Strength is the real constraint. Table 4 shows that at 1,400 °F (760 °C) the yield strength is about 55% of its room-temperature value, and at 1,600 °F (871 °C) it is about 35% [2]. The 10,000-hour rupture strength at 1,400 °F is only 4.5 ksi (31 MPa) [2]. Rolled Alloys also notes that 310's strength is quite low near its upper oxidation temperature [4]. A sheet near its limit can slump, creep or yield under its own constraint stresses, and each cycle can add a little more permanent set.

Table 4. Typical 310 strength at temperature

Temperature	Tensile strength	0.2% yield strength	10,000-hour rupture strength
70 °F (21 °C)	80.0 ksi (552 MPa)	35.0 ksi (241 MPa)	Not reported
1,000 °F (538 °C)	67.8 ksi (467 MPa)	20.8 ksi (143 MPa)	Not reported
1,200 °F (649 °C)	54.1 ksi (373 MPa)	20.7 ksi (143 MPa)	14.4 ksi (99 MPa)
1,400 °F (760 °C)	35.1 ksi (242 MPa)	19.3 ksi (133 MPa)	4.5 ksi (31 MPa)
1,600 °F (871 °C)	19.1 ksi (132 MPa)	12.2 ksi (84 MPa)	1.5 ksi (10 MPa)
1,800 °F (982 °C)	Not reported	Not reported	0.66 ksi (4.6 MPa)

Practical rule: use the oxidation rating to choose the alloy, and use the yield and creep data to choose thickness, support spacing and operating temperature.

Sigma is a brittle crystal that can form in 310S after long exposure at roughly 600–900 °C; it may be harmless while hot but makes the sheet crack easily once cool, which is exactly what repeated cycling does.

What Is Sigma Phase and Why Does It Matter After Cycling

Sigma phase is a hard, brittle compound that forms at grain boundaries in high-chromium stainless steels, much like tiny ceramic shards among the metal grains. Rolled Alloys explains that a small amount is usually not harmful at working temperature, but it can leave the alloy brittle at room temperature and can trigger failures during frequent thermal cycling [14]. Chromium promotes sigma, nickel and nitrogen slow it, and silicon, which helps carburization resistance, also promotes it [11].

Table 5. Temperature ranges reported for sigma formation in 310-type steel

Source	Reported range	Note
Rolled Alloys, Heat Processing (2005) [4]	590–870 °C	Applies to many high-chromium alloys; molybdenum contributes
Rolled Alloys technical paper [14]	1,100–1,600 °F (≈590–870 °C); peak near 1,300 °F (≈705 °C)	Eliminated by heating above 1,600 °F (≈870 °C)
Atlas Steels [6]	650–900 °C	Listed for 310, 310S and 310H
Sandmeyer Steel [10]	650–950 °C (1,202–1,742 °F)	Solution anneal at 1,100–1,150 °C restores a degree of toughness
Materials 2025 study [1]	500–950 °C	Covers sigma and M₂₃C₆ carbides; carbides help sigma form

The sources do not agree exactly because time at temperature, composition and carbide formation all shift the boundaries. The common overlap is roughly 650–870 °C, so treat that as the zone to heat through quickly and avoid for long holds.

Recovery is possible, but limited. Rolled Alloys states that sigma can be eliminated by heating above 1,600 °F (about 870 °C) [14], and Sandmeyer cites a solution anneal at 1,100–1,150 °C [10]. Neither heals cracks that already exist, and reheating a warped sheet will itself change its shape.

Ordering tip: Rolled Alloys lists a silicon maximum of 0.75% for its 310 product, while the ASTM specification allows up to 1.50% [2]. For sheet that will dwell in the sigma range, ask for the actual silicon value on the mill test certificate.

310S offers a higher reported oxidation limit than 304/316 and 309S, but upgrading does not reduce expansion-driven distortion, so design and heating practice matter as much as the grade.

Table 6. Heat-resistant grades compared (values as reported by each source)

Item	304 / 316 family	309S	310S	Alloy 800H
Reported oxidation limit	≈815 °C; ≈650 °C if scale particles are a concern [4]	1,900 °F (1,038 °C) steady; ≈1,850 °F (1,010 °C) with frequent cycling [3]	2,000 °F (1,093 °C) mildly cyclic [2]; 1,040 °C intermittent, 1,150 °C continuous [6]	≈1,095 °C practical limit [4]
Thermal expansion	≈17 µm/m·°C [8]	9.7 µin/in·°F at 1,000 °F (≈17.5 µm/m·°C) [3]	9.5 µin/in·°F at 1,000 °F (≈17.1 µm/m·°C) [2]	Not in the sources used here
Conductivity at 1,000 °F (Btu·ft/ft²·hr·°F)	Not in the sources used here	11.5 (≈20 W/m·K) [3]	13.6 (≈24 W/m·K) [2]	Not in the sources used here
Sigma-phase note	Not covered here	Some sigma at 1,100–1,600 °F lowers room-temperature ductility [3]	Prone at 650–900 °C [6]; chromium promotes sigma [11]	Nickel ≈30–35% versus 19–22% in 310S; nickel retards sigma [2][11]
Effect on distortion of choosing it	Same expansion and conductivity problem	Little difference from 310S	Little difference from 309S	Not assessed here

Sources as cited in each cell. Conversions and the last row are EETA interpretation. "Not in the sources used here" means EETA did not estimate the value.

Two points stand out. First, 309 and 310 have almost identical expansion at 1,000 °F (9.7 and 9.5 µin/in·°F) [2][3], so moving from 309S to 310S buys oxidation margin, not flatness. Second, because chromium promotes sigma and nickel slows it, 310S suits steady high-temperature oxidising service better than long holds in the 650–900 °C band [6][11].

Let the sheet expand freely, heat and cool it evenly, keep it below its oxidation limit with margin, avoid long holds near 650–900 °C, and never liquid-quench it.

Allow free expansion. Use slotted holes, floating supports and expansion gaps sized for the growth in Section 1 (about 8 mm per metre at 500 °C).

Heat both faces evenly. Avoid direct flame or element contact on one side. Low conductivity lets a hot face run well ahead of the cold face [8][9].

Control ramp rates. Slower heating and cooling shrink temperature differences, and smaller differences mean smaller stresses (EETA practice guidance).

Add stiffness, not only thickness. Ribs, corrugations or formed edges raise buckling resistance at low weight, and thin flat sheet warps most readily [9].

Stay below the oxidation limit with margin. Treat the cyclic figures as a ceiling, not a target. Oxidation accelerates sharply a little above 2,000 °F [2][5][6].

Limit time near 650–900 °C. Heat through the sigma band quickly where the process allows [4][6].

Do not liquid-quench. Rolled Alloys does not suggest 310 for the severe thermal shock of repeated liquid quenching [2].

Match the alloy to the atmosphere. 310 handles moderately carburizing atmospheres; severely carburizing furnace atmospheres call for higher-nickel alloys such as RA330 or RA333 [2].

Specify the order fully. State the grade and UNS number (S31008), the product standard (ASTM A240), thickness, finish, expected peak temperature and number of cycles, and request a mill test certificate showing chemistry.

Replace sheet that shows cracks, flaking scale or brittleness at room temperature; flatten or re-anneal only when a bend coupon and hardness check show the metal is still ductile.

Five-step inspection before deciding

Map flatness. Record deviation on a grid with a straightedge and feeler gauges, and photograph the sheet with the straightedge in frame so later comparisons are fair.

Inspect surfaces. Look for cracks, flaking scale and local thinning, and measure thickness at several points.

Check hardness. Compare with an unexposed offcut of the same heat. The laboratory study saw hardness nearly double [1], so treat a large rise as a prompt for further tests (the effect in annealed sheet may be smaller).

Bend a coupon. Cut it from a sacrificial edge and bend it at room temperature, for example with a guided bend test such as ASTM E290. Cracking means the metal is embrittled.

Section and examine. Metallography can reveal subsurface cracks and sigma that visual and penetrant inspection may miss, since the first cracks in the study were only about 5 µm deep [1].

Table 7. Decision guide

Condition	Recommended action	Caveat
Mild bow, no cracks, passes bend test, hardness close to offcut	Re-flatten, fix the cause (restraint, heating balance), return to service and re-measure at intervals	Re-flattening cold-works the sheet; recheck after the first cycles
Looks sound but fails the bend coupon, with service history in the 650–900 °C band	Solution anneal under support (for example 1,100–1,150 °C per [10]) and re-test, or replace	Annealing changes shape; compare cost with replacement
Cracks, flaking scale or significant metal loss	Replace, and revisit design and peak temperature	Cracks grow under later strain [1]
Waviness grows every cycle but metal is sound	Fix restraint, thickness or stiffening before more cycles	Otherwise the ratcheting repeats

310S sheet is normally supplied to ASTM A240/A240M (ASME SA-240) as UNS S31008 (EN 1.4845), with flat-rolled general requirements in ASTM A480.

Table 8. 310S sheet specification summary

Item	Requireme nt or designation	Note
Designations	UNS S31008; EN 1.4845 (X8CrNi25-21)	310 is UNS S31000; many products are dual-certified [2][6]
Chemistry (310S)	Cr 24.0–26.0%; Ni 19.0–22.0%; C 0.08% max; Mn 2.0% max; Si 1.50% max (ASTM)	Rolled Alloys lists Si 0.75% max for its product [2]
Product standards	ASTM A240/A240M, ASME SA-240; ASTM A480; EN 10095	A240 covers plate, sheet and strip [2][15]
Minimum properties (A240, annealed)	Tensile 515 MPa; yield 205 MPa; elongation 40%; hardness 217 HBW max	Room-temperature values only [6]

Sources: [2] Rolled Alloys; [6] Atlas Steels; [15] Continental Steel. Always verify against the current edition of the standard and your purchase specification.

Q: Is 310S the same as 310?

A: Almost. Both are high-chromium, high-nickel austenitic stainless steels. 310S is the low-carbon version (carbon 0.08% maximum, UNS S31008), while 310 under UNS S31000 allows more carbon. Many products are dual-certified to both [2][6][7].

Q: What temperature can 310S sheet withstand?

A: For oxidation resistance, Atlas Steels cites 1,040 °C intermittent and 1,150 °C continuous service, and Rolled Alloys cites 2,000 °F (1,093 °C) under mildly cyclic conditions [2][6]. These are scaling limits, not strength limits. At 871 °C the yield strength is only about 35% of its room-temperature value, so loaded or constrained sheet needs a lower working temperature [2].

Q: Why does 310S sheet warp even when it stays below its maximum temperature?

A: Because warping is driven by expansion and temperature differences, not by the oxidation rating. Austenitic stainless expands about 30–50% more than carbon steel and conducts heat at roughly one-third the rate, so uneven heating or blocked expansion creates stress even at moderate temperatures [8][9][13].

Q: Does thermal cycling make 310S stronger or weaker?

A: Both, in different ways. In one 2025 study on 2 mm wire, 100 fast cycles from 900 °C raised hardness from 177 to 343 HV, but cracks formed, ductility fell, and bending-fatigue life dropped from 39 to 27 cycles [1]. Higher hardness here is a warning sign, not an upgrade.

Q: Can heat treatment restore 310S after sigma-phase embrittlement?

A: Often yes for the embrittlement, no for existing cracks. Rolled Alloys states that sigma can be eliminated by heating above about 870 °C, and Sandmeyer cites a solution anneal at 1,100–1,150 °C to restore a degree of toughness [10][14]. Reheating a warped sheet will also change its shape, so compare the cost with replacement.

Q: Is 310S better than 309S for thermal cycling?

A: It offers a higher reported oxidation limit (2,000 °F versus about 1,850 °F under frequent cycling), but expansion is nearly identical (9.5 versus 9.7 µin/in·°F at 1,000 °F), so it does not warp less [2][3]. Design and heating practice matter more than the 309S-to-310S step for flatness.

[1] Huang, Y.-T.; Yen, Y.-W.; Hung, F.-Y. A Study on Thermally Fatigued Phase Transformation and Bending Fracture Mechanisms of 310S Stainless Steel. Materials 2025, 18(11), 2654. doi:10.3390/ma18112654 https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/18/11/2654

[2] Rolled Alloys. 310 Stainless Steel Data Sheet, Bulletin No. 114US. https://www.rolledalloys.ca/wp-content/uploads/310_stainless-steel-data-sheet-rolled-alloys.pdf

[3] Rolled Alloys. 309 Stainless Steel Data Sheet, Bulletin No. 109US. https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/309_stainless-steel-data-sheet-rolled-alloys.pdf

[4] Rolled Alloys. Materials Selection Considerations for Thermal Process Equipment. Heat Processing, 2005, Issue 3. https://www.rolledalloys.ca/wp-content/uploads/Materials-Selection-Considerations-for-Thermal-Process-Equipment-rolled-alloys.pdf

[5] Wilson, J. Understanding Various Factors that Reduce Heat-Resistant-Alloy Component Life. Rolled Alloys, Industrial Heating, March 2007. https://content.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/Understanding-Various-Factors-that-Reduce-Heat-Resistant-Alloy-Component-Life-rolled-alloys.pdf

[6] Atlas Steels. Stainless Steel 310, 310S, 310H Grade Data Sheet. https://atlassteels.com.au/stainless-steel-310-310s-310h-grade-data-sheet-23-04-21

[7] Goodfellow. AISI 310S Stainless Steel: Properties, Processing & Applications. https://www.goodfellow.com/eu/resources/aisi-310s-stainless-steel-properties-processing-applications/

[8] Australian Stainless Steel Development Association (ASSDA). Thermal Expansion and Design of Stainless Steel Fabrications. https://assda.asn.au/blog/293-thermal-expansion-and-design-of-stainless-steel-fabrications

[9] Hobart Brothers. Stainless Steel Technical Guide, Class III: Austenitic Stainless Steels. https://www.hobartbrothers.com/?p=5814

[10] Sandmeyer Steel Company. Stainless Steel Alloy 310S technical datasheet (UL Prospector). https://metals.ulprospector.com/es/datasheet/e227933/sandmeyer-stainless-steel-alloy-310s

[11] Wilson, J.; Kelly, J. Wrought Heat Resisting Alloys Provide Cost Reductions. Rolled Alloys, ASM Heat Treat Show, 1997. https://www.rolledalloys.ca/wp-content/uploads/Wrought-Heat-Resisting-Alloys-Provide-Cost-Reductions-rolled-alloys.pdf

[12] Campbell, R. D. Stainless Q&A: Why is there so much distortion when welding austenitic stainless steels? AWS Welding Journal, September 2025. https://cm.aws.org/magazines-and-media/welding-journal/wj-sept-25-stainless-qa-why-is-there-so-much-distortion-when-welding-austenitic-stainless-steels

[13] IMOA / Nickel Institute. Stainless steel fire resistance (thermal expansion and conductivity of austenitic grades). https://www.imoa.info/molybdenum-uses/molybdenum-grade-stainless-steels/architecture/fire-resistance.php

[14] Rolled Alloys technical paper on heat-resistant alloy thermal stability (text via University of Utah collections). https://collections.lib.utah.edu/details?id=5499

[15] Continental Steel & Tube. Stainless Steel Sheet, Type 310S (ASTM A480/A240, ASME SA-240). https://www.continentalsteel.com/compare/stainless-steel-sheet/stainless-steel-sheet-type-310s